Tekinoroji nyinshi zateye imbere zirahindura ubuzima bwacu burimunsi. Kuza no gukura kwaImashanyarazi (EV)ni urugero rwingenzi rwerekana uburyo izo mpinduka zishobora gusobanura mubuzima bwacu - no mubuzima bwacu bwite.
Iterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe nigitutu cyo kugenzura ibidukikije ku binyabiziga bitwika imbere (ICE) bitera inyungu ziyongera ku isoko rya EV. Benshi mu bakora ibinyabiziga byamamaye barimo kwerekana imiterere mishya ya EV, hamwe nabatangiye bashya binjira ku isoko. Hamwe no guhitamo gukora na moderi biboneka uyumunsi, nibindi byinshi bizaza, birashoboka ko twese dushobora kuba dutwara EV mugihe kizaza byegereye ukuri kuruta mbere hose.
Ikoranabuhanga riha ingufu za EV zo muri iki gihe risaba impinduka nyinshi ziva muburyo ibinyabiziga gakondo byakozwe. Inzira yo kubaka EVs isaba gutekereza cyane kubishushanyo mbonera nkubwiza bwimodoka ubwayo. Ibyo bikubiyemo umurongo uhagaze wa robo yihariye igenewe porogaramu za EV - kimwe n'imirongo ikora neza hamwe na robo zigendanwa zishobora kwimurwa no gusohoka ahantu hatandukanye kumurongo nkuko bikenewe.
Muri iki kibazo tuzasuzuma impinduka zikenewe kugirango dushushanye neza no gukora EV muri iki gihe. Tuzavuga uburyo inzira nuburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro bitandukanye nibyakoreshejwe mu gukora ibinyabiziga bikoresha gaze.
Igishushanyo, ibice hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora
Nubwo iterambere rya EV ryakurikiranwe cyane n’abashakashatsi n’abakora mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, inyungu zahagaze kubera igiciro gihenze, imodoka zikoreshwa na lisansi nyinshi. Ubushakashatsi bwaragabanutse kuva mu 1920 kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 1960 igihe ibibazo by’ibidukikije byanduye n’ubwoba bwo gutakaza umutungo kamere byatumaga hakenerwa uburyo bwangiza ibidukikije bwo gutwara abantu.
Kwishyuzaigishushanyo
EVs zubu ziratandukanye cyane na ICE (moteri yaka imbere) ibinyabiziga bikoresha lisansi. Ubwoko bushya bwa EV bwungukiwe nuruhererekane rwo kugerageza gukora no kubaka ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo bwo gukora bukoreshwa nababikora mumyaka mirongo.
Hariho itandukaniro ryinshi muburyo EV zikorwa mugihe ugereranije nibinyabiziga bya ICE. Ibyibanze byahoze mukurinda moteri, ariko ubu icyerekezo cyahindutse kurinda bateri mugukora EV. Abashushanya ibinyabiziga naba injeniyeri barimo gutekereza rwose ku gishushanyo mbonera cya EV, ndetse no gukora uburyo bushya bwo gukora no guteranya kububaka. Ubu barimo gutegura EV kuva hasi hitawe cyane kubirere byindege, uburemere nibindi bikorwa byingufu.
An amashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi (EVB)ni izina risanzwe rya bateri zikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya moteri yubwoko bwose bwa EV. Mu bihe byinshi, izi ni bateri ya lithium-ion yumuriro igenewe byumwihariko kubushobozi bwa ampere-isaha (cyangwa kilowatthour). Batteri zishobora kwishyurwa zikoranabuhanga rya lithiumion ni inzu ya plastiki irimo anode yicyuma na cathodes. Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion ikoresha polymer electrolyte aho gukoresha electrolyte y'amazi. Polimeri yo hejuru cyane (gel) polymers ikora iyi electrolyte.
Litiyumu-ionBatteri ya EVni bateri yimbitse yagenewe gutanga imbaraga mugihe kirambye. Ntoya kandi yoroshye, bateri ya lithium-ion irifuzwa kuko igabanya uburemere bwikinyabiziga bityo ikanoza imikorere yayo.
Izi bateri zitanga ingufu zidasanzwe kurenza ubundi bwoko bwa batiri ya lithium. Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mubisabwa aho uburemere ari ikintu gikomeye, nkibikoresho bigendanwa, indege igenzurwa na radio, none, EV. Ubusanzwe bateri ya lithium-ion irashobora kubika amasaha 150 watt-amashanyarazi muri bateri ipima hafi kilo 1.
Mu myaka 20 ishize ishize iterambere rya tekinoroji ya batiri ya lithium-ion ryatewe nibisabwa na elegitoroniki igendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, terefone zigendanwa, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'ibindi. Inganda za EV zabonye inyungu zizo terambere haba mubikorwa ndetse nubucucike bwingufu. Bitandukanye n’indi miti ya batiri, bateri ya lithium-ion irashobora gusohoka no kwishyurwa buri munsi kandi murwego urwo arirwo rwose.
Hariho tekinoroji ishigikira kurema ubundi bwoko bwuburemere bworoshye, bwizewe, buhendutse bwa bateri - kandi ubushakashatsi bukomeje kugabanya umubare wa bateri zikenewe kuri EV zubu. Batteri zibika ingufu nimbaraga moteri yamashanyarazi yahindutse ikorana buhanga kandi ihinduka hafi buri munsi.
Sisitemu yo gukurura
Imashini zifite moteri yamashanyarazi, nanone yitwa sisitemu yo gukurura cyangwa gusunika - kandi ifite ibyuma na plastike bitigera bikenera amavuta. Sisitemu ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi muri bateri ikohereza muri gari ya moshi.
Imashini za EV zirashobora gushushanywa hamwe n’ibiziga bibiri cyangwa ibiziga byose, ukoresheje moteri ebyiri cyangwa enye. Byombi bitaziguye (DC) hamwe na moteri isimburana (AC) ikoreshwa murubwo buryo bwo gukurura cyangwa gusunika kuri EV. Moteri ya AC kuri ubu irazwi cyane, kubera ko idakoresha umwanda kandi bisaba kubungabungwa bike.
Umugenzuzi wa EV
Moteri ya EV nayo irimo kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bihanitse. Uyu mugenzuzi arimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ikora hagati ya bateri na moteri yamashanyarazi kugirango igenzure umuvuduko wikinyabiziga nihuta, nkuko carburetor ibikora mumodoka ikoreshwa na lisansi. Ubu buryo bwa mudasobwa burimo ntabwo butangiza imodoka gusa, ahubwo bukora n'inzugi, amadirishya, ubukonje, sisitemu yo kugenzura amapine, sisitemu yimyidagaduro, nibindi bintu byinshi bihuriweho nimodoka zose.
EV feri
Ubwoko bwa feri ubwo aribwo bwose burashobora gukoreshwa kuri EV, ariko sisitemu yo gufata feri isubirwamo ikunzwe mumashanyarazi. Feri yubuzima bushya nuburyo moteri ikoreshwa nka generator kugirango yishyure bateri mugihe ikinyabiziga kigenda gahoro. Sisitemu yo gufata feri igarura imbaraga zimwe zabuze mugihe cyo gufata feri hanyuma ikayisubiza muri sisitemu ya bateri.
Mugihe cyo gufata feri nshya, zimwe mumbaraga za kinetic zisanzwe zinjizwa na feri hanyuma zigahinduka ubushyuhe zihinduka amashanyarazi na mugenzuzi - kandi bikoreshwa mugusubiramo bateri. Gufata ibyuma bishya ntabwo byongera gusa ikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi 5% kugeza 10%, ariko kandi byagaragaye ko bigabanya kwambara feri no kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga.
Amashanyarazi
Ubwoko bubiri bwa charger burakenewe. Amashanyarazi yuzuye kugirango ashyirwe mu igaraje arakenewe kugirango yishyure EV ijoro ryose, kimwe na charger yishyurwa. Amashanyarazi yimukanwa ahinduka ibikoresho bisanzwe mubakora byinshi. Amashanyarazi abikwa mumurongo kugirango bateri za EVS zishobora kwishyurwa igice cyangwa zuzuye mugihe cyurugendo rurerure cyangwa mugihe cyihutirwa nkumuriro w'amashanyarazi. Mu nomero iri imbere tuzasobanura birambuye ubwoko bwaSitasiyo yumurironk'urwego rwa 1, Urwego 2 na Wireless.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-20-2024